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Transition elements

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OCR AS and A-level Chemistry past-paper questions since 2016 · 78 parts · mark schemes follow the questions · www.chemistryaleveltutor.com · Questions and mark schemes © OCR

1. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks ·
15 Chromium forms the complex ions [Cr(NH3)6]3+ and [Cr(OH)6]3–. Which statement(s) about the complexes is / are correct? 1 Chromium is in the same oxidation state in each complex ion. 2 The complex ions are different colours. 3 The complex ions have different coordination numbers. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
2. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(a)(i) · 2 marks ·
21 This question is about reactions of compounds of iron and copper. (a) (i) Complete the electron configuration of an Fe atom: 1s2 ............................................................................................................................... a Cu2+ ion: 1s2 ................................................................................................................................ [2]
3. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(a)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Solutions of iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4, and copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, can be distinguished by adding aqueous sodium hydroxide. Describe what would be observed when NaOH(aq) is added to each solution. Observation with FeSO4(aq) ............................................................ Observation with CuSO4(aq) ............................................................ [2]
4. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(b)(i) · 1 marks ·
(b) The cyclic organic compound pyridine, C5H5N, can act as a monodentate ligand. The structure of pyridine is shown below. H H C H C C C C H N H (i) What is meant by a monodentate ligand? .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(b)(ii) · 4 marks ·
(ii) An iron(II) complex contains two different ligands: C5H5N, and Cl –. The complex has a molar mass of 442.8 g mol–1 and the following percentage composition by mass: Fe, 12.6%; C, 54.3%; H, 4.5%; N, 12.6%; Cl , 16.0% Determine the empirical formula of the iron(II) complex. Deduce the number of C5H5N ligands in the complex and the coordination number of the iron(II) ion. Empirical formula of iron(II) complex ................................................................ Number of C5H5N ligands ............................................................... Coordination number of iron(II) ion ................................................................ [4]
6. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(c) · 2 marks ·
(c) Aqueous copper(II) sulfate reacts with salicylic acid to form a complex ion which has two stereoisomers. One isomer of the complex ion is shown: 2– O O O Cu O O O Draw the other stereoisomer of the complex. Identify the type of stereoisomerism shown by the complexes. Type of stereoisomerism .......................................................... [2]
7. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q21(d)(ii) · 1 marks ·
(ii) The student repeats their method, but after carrying out Step 1 they leave the solution exposed to the air for a few days. Some of the iron(II) sulfate is oxidised to iron(III) sulfate. The student then continues with Step 2, Step 3 and Step 4 of the method. This mean titre is greater than 31.15 cm3. Suggest why this mean titre is greater than 31.15 cm3. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8. June 2025 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)(iii) · 2 marks ·
(iii) Construct an ionic equation for the reaction of SO3 2– with H+/Cr2O7 2–. ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
9. June 2025 · Paper 3 · Q4(b)(ii) · 3 marks ·
(ii) Complex A can be prepared by reacting an aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulfate with amino acid B and potassium hydroxide. Aqueous nickel(II) sulfate contains the octahedral hexaaquo complex ion C. Draw the structure of amino acid B and the 3D structure, including the overall charge, of complex ion C. Amino acid B Complex ion C [3]
10. June 2025 · Paper 3 · Q4(b)(iii) · 1 marks ·
(iii) Complete the 3D diagram below to show a stereoisomer of complex A. OH2 Ni OH2 [1]
11. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q13 · 1 marks ·
13 A student analyses a solution of a salt. The results are shown below. Test Observation Reaction with NaOH(aq) Green precipitate Reaction with Ba(NO3)2(aq) White precipitate What is the formula of the salt? A CuCl 2 B CuSO4 C FeCl 2 D FeSO4 Your answer [1]
12. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks ·
15 Which statement(s) about elements in the periodic table is/are correct? 1 The position of an element is determined by its relative atomic mass. 2 The elements in a group have similar chemical properties. 3 Transition elements are used as catalysts in the manufacture of chemicals. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
13. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q16(b)(iii) · 1 marks ·
(iii) Mn3O4 is a compound in which Mn has two different oxidation states. The two oxidation states are different from the Mn in MnO2. Suggest the two oxidation states of manganese in Mn3O4. ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
14. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(a) · 2 marks ·
22 This question is about transition elements. (a) Iron is in the d block of the periodic table and contains s, p and d orbitals. • Draw diagrams to show the shapes of an s orbital and a p orbital. • Complete the electron configurations of an iron atom and an iron(II) ion. Shapes s orbital p orbital Electron configurations Iron atom: 1s2 ................................................................................................................................... Iron(II) ion 1s2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]
15. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(i) · 3 marks ·
(b) The flowchart shows some reactions of cobalt(II) chloride, CoCl 2. dissolve in water Pale pink solution containing a CoCl2 (s) six-coordinate complex ion A aqueous NaOH concentrated HCl Blue solution containing a Blue-green solid B four-coordinate complex ion C In A, B and C, cobalt has an oxidation number of +2. (i) Suggest the formulae of A, B and C. Complex ion A: ...................................................................... Solid B: ...................................................................... Complex ion C: ...................................................................... [3]
16. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Cobalt (III) forms an octahedral complex ion D, which contains both ammonia and chloride ligands. Complex ion D has a molar mass of 197.9 g mol–1. Determine the formula and charge of complex ion D. .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
17. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(c) · 5 marks ·
(c) Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which transports oxygen around the body. For efficient transportation of oxygen, healthy human blood must be maintained at a pH value between 7.35 and 7.45. Human blood acts as a buffer due to the presence of carbonic acid, H2CO3, and hydrogencarbonate, HCO3 –, ions as shown below. H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3 –(aq) Ka = 4.27 × 10–7 mol dm–3 • Explain, using ligand substitution, how haemoglobin transports oxygen around the body. • Determine whether a sample of blood with a [HCO3 –] : [H2CO3] ratio of 8.5:1 is healthy. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [5]
18. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q3(a)(i) · 2 marks ·
3 This question is about compounds and ions of iron(II) and iron(III) that contain ethanedioate ions, C2O4 2–. (a) The C2O4 2– ion, shown below, is an example of a bidentate ligand. O O C C –O O– (i) Explain what is meant by the term bidentate ligand. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
19. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q3(a)(ii) · 3 marks ·
(ii) A complex ion E contains three C2O4 2– ions bonded to an iron(III) ion in an octahedral shape. Complex ion E exists as a mixture of two optical isomers. Draw 3D diagrams to show the structures of the optical isomers of E. Include any overall charge. [3]
20. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q5(b)(i) · 2 marks ·
(b) Compounds F, G, H and I are structural isomers. A student carries out test-tube tests on the compounds. The student records the observations after carrying out each test. These are shown in Table 5.1. In Table 5.1, 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazine has been abbreviated to 2,4-DNP. Table 5.1 Test Compound 2,4-DNP Acidified Bromine water Tollens’ reagent dichromate(VI) reflux Colourless Colourless F Orange solution Green solution solution solution Colourless G Orange solution Green solution Orange solution solution Orange Colourless H Orange solution Orange solution precipitate solution Orange I Green solution Orange solution Silver mirror precipitate (i) Write the formula of the species causing the colours after refluxing with acidified dichromate(VI). Green solution ................................................................................................................................... Orange solution ................................................................................................................................. [2]
21. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q14 · 1 marks · AO1
14 Which statement(s) is/are correct for the anti-cancer complex Pt(NH3)2Cl 2? 1 It has bond angles of 90º. 2 The oxidation number of Pt is +4. 3 It forms both optical and cis-trans isomers. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
22. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(a) · 6 marks · AO1
22 This question is about the d-block elements in Period 4 of the periodic table (Sc to Zn). (a)* Explain, with examples from Period 4, what is meant by the terms d-block element and transition element. Explain why some d-block elements are not transition elements. Use electron configurations to support your explanations. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [6] Additional answer space if required. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
23. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(i) · 2 marks · AO1
(b) (i) Describe precipitation reactions using either copper or chromium ions as examples. Include equations. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
24. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(ii) · 2 marks · AO1
(ii) Describe ligand substitution reactions using either copper or chromium ions as examples. Include equations. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
25. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(c) · 2 marks · AO1
(c) The ethanedioate ion, C2O4 2–, is a bidentate ligand. A complex ion of cobalt(III) contains two ethanedioate ligands and two water ligands. Determine the charge of this complex ion and the coordination number of cobalt in the complex ion. Charge of complex ion .............................................................................................................. Coordination number of cobalt ............................................................................................ [2]
26. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(d) · 2 marks · AO2
(d) An acidified solution containing Cr2O7 2– ions reacts with vanadium(III) ions in a redox reaction to form a solution containing Cr3+ ions and VO2 + ions. Construct the overall equation for this reaction. .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
27. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(d) · 2 marks · AO1
(d) The two elements with atoms containing five unpaired electrons. ....................................... [2]
28. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(a) · 1 marks · AO3
4 Tutton’s salts are ‘double salts’ with the formula X2Y(ZO4)2 • 6H2O. A Tutton’s salt contains two cations: X+ and Y2+. • X+ can be an ion of the Group 1 elements K, Rb, Cs or Fr, or an ammonium ion. • Y2+ can be a 2+ ion of magnesium or an ion of most of the transition elements in Period 4. • Z can be S or Cr. (NH4)2Cu(SO4)2 • 6H2O is an example of a Tutton’s salt. (a) Predict the formula of a Tutton’s salt containing different ions from (NH4)2Cu(SO4)2 • 6H2O. .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
29. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(i) · 1 marks · AO2
(c) The student dissolves their Tutton’s salt in water. A pale blue solution forms. The student carries out two tests on this aqueous solution. (i) The student adds an excess of aqueous ammonia to their aqueous solution of Tutton’s salt. A deep blue solution forms. The complex ion responsible for the deep blue solution has a molar mass of 167.5 g mol–1. Suggest the formula of this complex ion. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
30. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(ii) · 3 marks · AO2
(ii) The student adds NaOH(aq) to the aqueous solution of Tutton’s salt and warms the mixture. A precipitate and a gas are formed. Write the formulae of the precipitate and gas and suggest a test that could confirm the identity of the gas. Formula of precipitate ....................................................................................................... Formula of gas .................................................................................................................. Test to confirm the identity of the gas ................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
31. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks · AO1
15 Which ion(s) contain(s) one or more unpaired electrons? 1 Mn3+ 2 V3+ 3 Cu+ A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
32. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
22 This question is about reactions of transition metal compounds. (a) Ethane-1,2-diamine, H2NCH2CH2NH2, is a bidentate ligand. The structure of ethane-1,2-diamine is shown below. H2N NH2 (i) Explain why ethane-1,2-diamine can act as a bidentate ligand. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
33. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)(ii) · 4 marks · AO1, 3
(ii) The iron(III) ion, Fe3+, forms a complex ion A with two ethane-1,2-diamine ligands and two chloride ligands. Complex ion A has cis and trans stereoisomers. One of these stereoisomers exists as optical isomers. Determine the empirical formula, with charge, of complex ion A and draw the 3-D structures of the three stereoisomers. Empirical formula with charge .............................. Structures [4]
34. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(i) · 1 marks · AO2
(b) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to an aqueous solution of iron(II) sulfate. A pale green precipitate forms which turns brown when left to stand in air. (i) Write an ionic equation for the formation of the pale green precipitate. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
35. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(ii) · 4 marks · AO3
(ii) Use the information below to explain why the pale green precipitate turns brown when left to stand in air and construct an equation for the reaction which occurs. Redox System Equation E ө / V 1 Fe(OH)3(s) + e– Fe(OH)2(s) + OH–(aq) –0.56 V 2 O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) +0.40 V ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4]
36. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(c) · 6 marks · AO3
TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 22(c) (c)* This question is about copper and copper compounds. Experiment 1 Hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), is added to an aqueous solution containing [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex ions. A yellow-green solution forms containing complex ion B. Experiment 2 A piece of copper metal is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid. A reaction takes place forming a pale blue solution C and 45 cm3 of a gas D, measured at RTP. The mass of gas D is 0.12 g. Experiment 3 An excess of copper(II) oxide is heated with dilute nitric acid. The resulting mixture is filtered. The filtrate is a blue solution E. Aqueous potassium iodide, KI(aq), is added to the blue solution E. A white precipitate F and a brown solution G form. Determine the formulae of B–G. Construct equations for the reactions taking place, include any changes in oxidation number, and show your working where appropriate. [6] ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
37. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(d)(ii) · 3 marks · AO2
(ii) Glycine reacts with aqueous copper(II) ethanoate to form copper(II) glycinate, Cu(H2NCH2COO)2, and ethanoic acid. Copper(II) glycinate is a complex which exists as two square planar isomers. Write an equation for this reaction and draw the structures of the two square planar isomers of the complex Cu(H2NCH2COO)2. equation ........................................................................................................................................... structures [3]
38. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q2(b) · 5 marks · AO2
(b) A student analyses the redox reactions shown below. State symbols have been omitted. CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2e– C2H5OH E ө = –0.197 V Cr2O7 2– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O E ө = +1.33 V FeO4 2– + 8H+ + 3e– Fe3+ + 4H2O E ө = +2.20 V The student concludes that different ions containing chromium can act as oxidising or reducing agents. Using the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent, and ideas about electrode potentials and equilibrium, explain how the student is correct. Include overall equations. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [5]
39. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks ·
15 NH4Fe(SO4)2•12H2O is a hydrated ‘double salt’. A student analyses this double salt using test tube tests. Which row(s) gives/give correct result(s) for the stated test? Test Results 1 Reaction with cold NaOH(aq) Green precipitate 2 Reaction with Ba(NO3)2(aq) White precipitate 3 Reaction with warm NaOH(aq) Red-brown precipitate and an alkaline gas A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
40. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(a) · 4 marks · AO1
17 This question is about d-block elements. (a) Most d-block elements are also classified as transition elements. Explain why scandium and zinc are classified as d-block elements but are not also transition elements. Your explanations should include full electron configurations. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
41. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(b)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
(b) Compound A is a hydrated chromium(III) salt with a molar mass of 608.3 g mol–1 and the following percentage composition by mass: Cr, 17.10%; H, 3.94%; O, 63.13%; S, 15.83%. A student dissolves compound A in water. The resulting solution contains the complex ion [Cr(H2O)6]3+. The student mixes this solution with aqueous sodium ethanedioate, Na2C2O4. A ligand substitution reaction takes place forming a solution containing three stereoisomers of a complex ion B of chromium(III). Complex ion B is six-coordinate and contains two ethanedioate ligands and two water ligands. The ethanedioate ion is the bidentate ligand shown below. O O –O O– Ethanedioate ligand (i) What is meant by a bidentate ligand? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
42. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(b)(ii) · 6 marks · AO2, 3
(ii)* Determine the formulae of A and B. Write the ionic equation for the ligand substitution and show 3D structures for the three stereoisomers of B. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [6] Additional answer space if required. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
43. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q18(b) · 1 marks · AO2
(b) Write an ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction in Step 3. .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
44. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q5 · 1 marks · AO1
5 Which statement about elements in the d block of Period 4 of the periodic table is correct? A Cr atoms have the electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1. B Cu+ ions contain an incomplete 3d sub-shell. C Fe2+ ions contain 3 unpaired electrons. D Sc forms ions with different oxidation states. Your answer [1]
45. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks · AO1
15 Which statement(s) for the complex ion [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ is/are correct? 1 It has cis and trans isomers. 2 It has optical isomers. 3 It is six-fold coordination. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
46. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q22(a) · 6 marks · AO3
22 (a)* B and C are compounds of two different transition elements. A student carries out test tube reactions on aqueous solutions of B and C. The observations of the student’s tests are shown below. Test B(aq) C(aq) NH3(aq) added dropwise green precipitate D grey-green precipitate E 1 excess NH3(aq) added no further change purple solution F HNO3(aq) no change no change 2 followed by Ba(NO3)2(aq) white precipitate G no change HNO3(aq) no change no change 3 followed by AgNO3(aq) no change white precipitate H Analyse the results to identify B to H, and construct ionic equations for the formation of products D to H. [6] ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
47. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(i) · 3 marks · AO3
(b) A compound of nickel, J, has the formula (NH4)2 [Ni(SCN)x(NH3)y] and contains SCN− and NH3 ligands. The percentage by mass of three of the elements in compound J is shown below: Ni, 16.26%; S, 35.56%; N, 31.00%. (i) Calculate the values of x and y in the formula of compound J. x = ............................................................... y = ............................................................... [3]
48. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q2 · 6 marks · AO1, 2
2* Transition metal ions can bond to ligands to form complex ions with different shapes. Explain what is meant by the terms ligand, coordination number and ligand substitution, using suitable examples of complex ions with different shapes, limited to monodentate ligands. Your answer should include diagrams and equations where appropriate. [6] .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................
49. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q13 · 1 marks · AO2
13 What is the number of stereoisomers that Ni(H2NCH2CH2NH2)2Cl 2 can form? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6 Your answer [1]
50. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q14 · 1 marks · AO1
14 Which property/properties is/are correct for a transition element? 1 The element has atoms with a partially filled d sub-shell. 2 The existence of more than one oxidation state in its compounds. 3 The formation of coloured ions. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
51. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q17(b) · 3 marks · AO1, 2
(b) Red blood cells contain haemoglobin. Explain using ligand substitutions: • how haemoglobin transports oxygen around the body • why carbon monoxide is toxic. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
52. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
18 This question is about reactions of ions and compounds of transition elements. (a) A student carries out two experiments on a solution containing [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq). Experiment 1 The student adds an excess of aqueous ammonia to a solution containing [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) until a purple solution is formed. Experiment 2 The student carries out the following reaction sequence. Step 1 NaOH(aq) is added slowly to a solution containing [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) in a boiling tube. A grey–green precipitate forms. Step 2 An excess of NaOH(aq) is added to the boiling tube. The precipitate dissolves and a green solution forms containing a 6 coordinate complex ion. Step 3 H2O2 is added to the mixture and the boiling tube is heated. A yellow solution forms. Step 4 The solution in the boiling tube is acidified. The solution now contains Cr2O7 2−(aq). (i) What is the formula of the complex ion in the purple solution that forms in Experiment 1? ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
53. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(ii) · 1 marks · AO2
(ii) Suggest an equation for the reaction in Experiment 2, Step 1. Include state symbols. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
54. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(iii) · 2 marks · AO1, 2
(iii) Draw a 3-D diagram for the shape of the complex ion that forms in Experiment 2, Step 2. Include the charge of the ion. ........ [2]
55. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(iv) · 1 marks · AO3
(iv) What is the formula of the ion that causes the yellow colour in Experiment 2, Step 3? ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
56. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(v) · 1 marks · AO1
(v) State the colour of the solution that forms in Experiment 2, Step 4. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
57. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
(b) Vanadium ions have four common oxidation states. Table 18.1 shows the colours of the ions in aqueous solution. Oxidation state of Vanadium ion Colour vanadium +5 VO2 +(aq) yellow +4 VO2+(aq) blue +3 V3+(aq) green +2 V2+(aq) violet Table 18.1 (i) Complete the electron configuration of a V3+ ion. 1s2 ................................................................................................................................ [1]
58. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(ii) · 3 marks · AO3
(ii) The student adds excess iron to a solution containing VO2+(aq) ions, and observes that the colour of the solution changes from blue to green and then to violet. Use the relevant standard electrode potentials shown in Table 18.2 to explain these observations. Redox system Eө / V 1 V2+(aq) + 2e− V(s) −1.18 2 Fe2+(aq) + 2e− Fe(s) −0.44 3 V3+(aq) + e− V2+(aq) −0.26 4 VO2+(aq) + 2H+ + e− V3+(aq) + H2O(l) +0.34 5 Fe3+(aq) + e− Fe2+(aq) +0.77 6 VO2 +(aq) + 2H+ + e− VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00 Table 18.2 ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
59. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(i) · 2 marks · AO3
6 This question is about reactions of iron compounds. (a) A student carries out the reactions in the flowchart, starting with iron(II) sulfide. H+ / H2O iron(II) sulfide [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + H2S (g) pale green solution Cl 2(g) AgNO3(aq) H+(aq)/MnO4 −(aq) orange-brown colourless solution solution containing Mn2+ ions black precipitate B + NaOH(aq) with a molar mass yellow solid of 247.9 g mol–1 orange-brown precipitate A (i) In the boxes, write the formulae of A and B. [2]
60. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(iii) · 1 marks · AO3
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction of [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) with Cl 2(g). ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
61. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(iv) · 2 marks · AO3
(iv) Construct an equation for the reaction of H2S(g) with H+(aq)/MnO4 −(aq). [2]
62. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks · AO1
15 Which statement(s) is/are correct for the complex Pt(NH3)2Cl2? 1 One of its stereoisomers is used as an anti-cancer drug. 2 It has bond angles of 109.5°. 3 It has optical isomers. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
63. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(a) · 2 marks ·
21 This question is about some reactions of d block elements and their ions. Table 21.1 shows standard electrode potentials which will be needed within this question. Zn2+(aq) + 2e– Zn(s) Eө = –0.76 V Cr3+(aq) + e– Cr2+(aq) Eө = –0.42 V Ni2+(aq) + 2e– Ni(s) Eө = –0.25 V I2(aq) + 2e– 2I–(aq) Eө = +0.54 V Fe3+(aq) + e– Fe2+(aq) Eө = +0.77 V Cr2O7 2–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) Eө = +1.33 V H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– 2H2O(l) Eө = +1.78 V Table 21.1 (a) Complete the electron configuration of a Ni atom: 1s2 .......................................................................................................................... a Ni2+ ion: 1s2 ..................................................................................................................... [2]
64. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(c)(i) · 1 marks ·
(c) Use the information in Table 21.1 to help you answer both parts of this question. (i) Write the overall equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by acidified H2O2. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
65. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(c)(ii) · 4 marks ·
(ii) Zinc reacts with acidified Cr2O7 2– ions to form Cr2+ ions in two stages. Explain why this happens in terms of electrode potentials and equilibria. Include overall equations for the reactions which occur. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4]
66. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(d) · 6 marks ·
(d)* Three different reactions of copper compounds are described below. Reaction 1: Aqueous copper(II) sulfate reacts with excess aqueous ammonia in a ligand substitution reaction. A deep-blue solution is formed, containing an octahedral complex ion, C, which is a trans isomer. Reaction 2: Copper(I) oxide reacts with hot dilute sulfuric acid in a disproportionation reaction. A blue solution, D, and a brown solid, E are formed. Reaction 3: Copper(II) oxide reacts with warm dilute nitric acid in a neutralisation reaction, to form a blue solution. Unreacted copper(II) oxide is filtered off, and the solution is left overnight in an evaporating basin. A hydrated salt, F, crystallises, with the percentage composition by mass: Cu, 26.29%; H, 2.48%; N, 11.59%; O, 59.63%. Identify C–F by formulae or structures, as appropriate. Include equations, any changes in oxidation number, and working. [6] ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
67. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q2(c)(i) · 1 marks ·
(c) Cobalt(II) forms complex ions with water ligands and with chloride ligands. • With water ligands, cobalt(II) forms a pink octahedral complex ion, [Co(H2O)6]2+. • With chloride ligands, cobalt(II) forms a blue tetrahedral complex ion. A student dissolves cobalt(II) sulfate in water in a boiling tube. A pink solution forms. Experiment 1 The student places the boiling tube in a water bath at 100 °C. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added dropwise. The colour of the solution changes from pink to blue. Experiment 2 The student places the boiling tube from experiment 1 in an ice/water bath at 0 °C. The colour of the solution changes from blue to pink. (i) Write the equilibrium equation for the reaction that takes place when the colour of the solution changes. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
68. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q3(a) · 3 marks ·
3 This question is about ethanedioic acid, (COOH)2, and ethanedioate ions, (COO–)2. (a) The ethanedioate ion, shown below, can act as a bidentate ligand. O O –O O– Fe3+ forms a complex ion with three ethanedioate ions. The complex ion has two optical isomers. Draw the 3D shapes of the optical isomers. In your diagrams, show the structure of the ethanedioate ligands and any overall charge. [3]
69. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Cis-platin is prepared in a ligand substitution reaction which takes place in multiple steps. The equation for the final step forming cis-platin is shown below. [PtCl3(NH3)]– + NH3 → PtCl2(NH3)2 + Cl– cis-platin In the box, outline the mechanism for the formation of cis-platin from [PtCl3(NH3)]–. Use curly arrows and lone pairs where appropriate. Cl Cl _ Pt + Cl H3N NH3 cis-platin [2]
70. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q2 · 1 marks ·
2 What is the bonding between the ligands and the metal ion in [Fe(H2O)6]2+? A Metallic B Ionic C Hydrogen D Dative covalent Your answer [1]
71. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q8 · 1 marks ·
8 Four pairs of solutions are mixed. Which pair of solutions forms a white precipitate? A NH4Cl (aq) and NaOH(aq) B KBr(aq) and AgNO3(aq) C FeCl 3(aq) and NH3(aq) D Cr2(SO4)3(aq) and BaCl 2(aq) Your answer [1]
72. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q11 · 1 marks ·
11 Aqueous Cr3+ ions are reacted with an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Which product is formed? A Cr(OH)6 3– B Cr(OH)3 C [Cr(OH)4(H2O)2]– D [Cr(OH)4]3– Your answer [1]
73. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks ·
15 Which electron configuration(s) is/are correct? 1 Cr atom: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 2 Cu atom: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 3 Fe2+ ion: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
74. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(a)(i) · 5 marks ·
23 This question is about reactions of ions and compounds of transition elements. (a) The flowchart shows reactions of the complex ion [Cu(H2O)6]2+. (i) In the boxes, write down the formulae of the species responsible for the observations. ........................................ yellow solution Reaction 1 HCl(aq) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ NH3(aq) pale blue solution ........................................ pale blue precipitate Reaction 2 KI(aq) NH3(aq) excess + ................................ ................................ ........................................ white solid brown solution deep blue solution [5]
75. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(a)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Name the type of reaction for Reaction 1 and Reaction 2. Reaction 1 ........................................................................................................................ Reaction 2 ........................................................................................................................ [2]
76. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(b) · 6 marks ·
(b)* A hydrated nickel(II) complex, A, is heated in a crucible to remove the water of crystallisation. The anhydrous complex B is formed. The results are shown below. Mass of crucible + hydrated complex A = 59.554 g Mass of crucible + anhydrous complex B = 58.690 g Mass of crucible = 51.257 g The anhydrous complex B is analysed and found to have a molar mass of 309.7 g mol–1 and to contain the following percentage composition by mass: Ni, 18.95%; C, 23.25%; N, 27.12%; H, 7.75%; Cl, 22.93%. The anhydrous complex B contains a cation C comprising Ni, C, N and H only. Cation C is six-coordinate, contains three molecules of the bidentate ligand D, and exists as optical isomers. Determine the formula of A, B, C and D and show the 3D structures for the optical isomers of C. Show all your working. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [6]
77. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q3(b) · 4 marks ·
(b) Solutions of hydrogen peroxide decompose slowly into water and oxygen: 2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) This reaction is catalysed by manganese dioxide, MnO2(s). Standard electrode potentials are shown below. O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− H2O2(aq) Eo = +0.70 V MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e− Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) Eo = +1.51 V H2O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− 2H2O(l) Eo = +1.78 V Using the electrode potentials, explain how MnO2 is able to act as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. You answer should include relevant equations. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4]
78. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(i) · 1 marks ·
(c) Chromium(III) picolinate, shown below, is a neutral complex that can be prepared from the weak acid, picolinic acid. O O N N Cr O O O N O Chromium(III) picolinate is used in tablets as a nutritional supplement for chromium. (i) Draw the structure of the ligand in chromium(III) picolinate. [1]

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11. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q13
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12. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q15
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13. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q16(b)(iii)
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14. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)
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17. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q22(c)
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18. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q3(a)(i)
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19. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q3(a)(ii)
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20. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q5(b)(i)
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21. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q14
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25. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(c)
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26. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q22(d)
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27. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(d)
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28. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)
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29. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(i)
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30. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(ii)
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31. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q15
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32. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)(i)
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33. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)(ii)
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36. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q22(c)
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37. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(d)(ii)
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38. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q2(b)
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39. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q15
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40. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(a)
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41. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(b)(i)
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42. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q17(b)(ii)
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43. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)
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44. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q5
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45. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q15
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46. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q22(a)
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47. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q22(b)(i)
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48. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q2
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49. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q13
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50. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q14
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51. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q17(b)
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52. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(i)
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53. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(ii)
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54. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(iii)
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55. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(iv)
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56. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(a)(v)
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57. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(i)
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58. June 2019 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(ii)
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59. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(i)
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60. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(iii)
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61. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)(iv)
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62. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q15
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63. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(a)
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64. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(c)(i)
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65. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(c)(ii)
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66. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q21(d)
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67. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q2(c)(i)
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68. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q3(a)
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69. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)(ii)
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70. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q2
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71. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q8
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72. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q11
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73. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q15
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74. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(a)(i)
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75. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(a)(ii)
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76. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q23(b)
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77. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q3(b)
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78. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(i)
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