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Bonding, structure and shapes of molecules

Past-paper questions pack

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Questions are numbered; the mark schemes (the answer key) follow on separate pages so the question pages can be handed out alone. www.chemistryaleveltutor.com

OCR AS and A-level Chemistry past-paper questions since 2016 · 125 parts · mark schemes follow the questions · www.chemistryaleveltutor.com · Questions and mark schemes © OCR

1. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q7 · 1 marks ·
7 The table below shows the boiling points of some hydrogen halides. Hydrogen halide Boiling point / K HCl 188 HBr 206 HI 238 What is the best explanation for the trend in boiling points from HCl to HI? A The strength of the covalent bonds increases. B The strength of the hydrogen bonds increases. C The strength of the induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) increases. D The strength of the permanent dipole–dipole interactions increases. Your answer [1]
2. June 2025 · AS Paper 1 · Q8 · 1 marks ·
8 Which compound has molecules with a trigonal planar shape? A BeCl 2 B BCl 3 C NCl 3 D PCl 3 Your answer [1]
3. June 2025 · AS Paper 1 · Q10 · 1 marks ·
10 Which molecule is polar? A H2S B CO2 C CCl4 D C2F4 Your answer [1]
4. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q16(d) · 6 marks ·
(d)* The hydrides of silicon, phosphorus and sulfur have simple molecular structures, but their molecules have different shapes. Explain why molecules of SiH4, PH3 and H2S have different shapes. Your answer should include ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams (outer shells only), the names of the shapes and an explanation of why the bond angles are different. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [6] Additional answer space if required. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................
5. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(a)(i) · 1 marks ·
5 This question is about haloalkanes. (a) Chloromethane, CH3Cl is a covalent molecule. (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for CH3Cl . Show outer electrons only. Use a different symbol for the electrons of each element. [1]
6. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(a)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Name the shape of the chloromethane molecule and predict the value of the H–C–Cl bond angle. Name of shape .................................................................................................................................. Bond angle ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
7. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b) · 3 marks ·
(b) Chloroethene, H2C=CHCl , is a covalent molecule with a double bond. The bond angles in H2C=CHCl are different from those in CH3Cl . Predict the H–C–Cl bond angle in H2C=CHCl and explain why it is different from the H–C–Cl bond angle in CH3Cl . Bond angle ....................................................................................................................................... Explanation ...................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... [3]
8. June 2025 · Paper 3 · Q5(b) · 2 marks ·
(b) NaBH4 contains Na+ and BH4 – ions. Draw a ‘dot‑and‑cross’ diagram for NaBH4. Use a different symbol for the electrons from each element. Show outer electrons only. [2]
9. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q2 · 1 marks ·
2 Water has the anomalous properties below. • Water has relatively high melting and boiling points. • Ice is less dense than water. Which statement explains these anomalous properties? A The covalent bonding within water molecules. B The hydrogen bonding between water molecules. C The induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) between water molecules. D The ionic bonding between water molecules. Your answer [1]
10. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q5 · 1 marks ·
5 Which reaction produces a product with linear molecules? A 2B + 3F2 B C + O2 C 2H2 + O2 D N2 + 3H2 Your answer [1]
11. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q5 · 1 marks ·
5 Which statement explains the trend in boiling points down the halogens group? A The bond enthalpy of the covalent bonds increases. B The halogens become less electronegative. C The induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) become stronger. D The reactivity of the halogens decreases. Your answer [1]
12. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(i) · 1 marks ·
(b) SO2 and SO3 both have molecules with sulfur in the centre and bond angles of approximately 120°. (i) Explain why the bond angles in SO3 are 120°. .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
13. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Explain why both SO2 and SO3 have polar bonds, but only SO2 has polar molecules. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
14. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q20(c) · 6 marks ·
(c)* The table shows the melting points of some of the elements in Period 3 of the periodic table. Element Al Si P4 S8 Melting point / °C 660 1410 44 119 Explain the melting points in terms of bonding and structure. [6] .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... Extra answer space if required. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................
15. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(c) · 2 marks ·
(c) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is bonded by a single bond between the H and C atoms and a triple bond between the C and N atoms. Draw a ‘dot‑and‑cross’ diagram for a molecule of HCN. Use different symbols for electrons from H, C and N. Show outer electrons only. [2]
16. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q24(c) · 5 marks ·
(c) Propene, C3H6, has different bond angles and shapes around the carbon atoms. The displayed formula of a propene molecule is shown below. H H 1 H C C C H H 2 H Predict the bond angles and the names of the shapes around the C atoms 1 and 2 above, and explain why the bond angles and shapes are different. Carbon atom Bond angle Name of shape 1 2 Explanation: ..................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [5]
17. June 2024 · Paper 2 · Q1 · 1 marks ·
1 All organic compounds have covalent bonds. What is the electrostatic attraction in a covalent bond between? A A shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms B Cations and delocalised electrons C Oppositely charged ions D Two molecules Your answer [1]
18. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a) · 2 marks ·
1 This question is about water, H2O, and ammonia, NH3. (a) Hydrogen and oxygen have different electronegativities. What is meant by the term electronegativity? .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
19. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(i) · 2 marks ·
(b) H2O is a polar molecule that has hydrogen bonding. (i) Complete the diagram below to show hydrogen bonding between the H2O molecule shown and another H2O molecule. Include relevant dipoles and lone pairs. Label the hydrogen bond. O H H [2]
20. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(ii) · 1 marks ·
(ii) Explain why molecules of H2O are polar. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
21. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(iii) · 1 marks ·
(iii) One unusual property of H2O is that ice floats on water. Explain why ice has a lower density than water. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
22. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c)(i) · 2 marks ·
(c) Solid ammonia, NH3, also contains hydrogen bonds. (i) Suggest why solid ammonia has a lower melting point than ice. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
23. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) When ammonia dissolves in water, ammonium ions, NH4 +, are formed. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in an NH4 + ion. Show outer electrons only. [2]
24. June 2024 · Paper 2 · Q20(a) · 2 marks ·
20 This question is about carboxylic acids and esters. (a) Short-chain carboxylic acids, such as methanoic acid, HCOOH, are soluble in water. Explain, with a labelled diagram, how HCOOH interacts with water when it dissolves. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
25. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)(ii) · 3 marks ·
(ii) In a H3PO3 molecule, the O atoms are covalently bonded to the P atom. The H atoms are bonded to the O atoms. Draw the structure of a H3PO3 molecule, showing all the bonds. On your diagram, add the values for the O–P–O and P–O–H bond angles. [3]
26. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(iv) · 2 marks ·
(iv) In a molecule of P3N3Cl 6 all the N and Cl atoms are bonded to P atoms. Suggest a possible structure for a molecule of P3N3Cl 6. [2]
27. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q1 · 1 marks · AO1
1 Which statement explains the trend in boiling points down the halogens group? A Covalent bonds become stronger. B Induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) become stronger. C Ionic bonds become stronger. D Permanent dipole–dipole interactions become stronger. Your answer [1]
28. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q5 · 1 marks · AO1
5 Which compound has polar molecules? A HCN B BCl3 C CO2 D C2F4 Your answer [1]
29. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q13 · 1 marks · AO1
13 Which substance(s) has/have induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) in the solid state? 1 C2H6 2 H2O 3 Si A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
30. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(a)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
SECTION B 21 This question is about NF3 and BF3 molecules. (a) NF3 and BF3 contain covalent bonds. (i) What is meant by a covalent bond? ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
31. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(a)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) Draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams for NF3 and BF3. Show outer electrons only. NF3 BF3 [2]
32. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(i) · 2 marks · AO1
(b) Molecules of NF3 and BF3 have different shapes and bond angles. (i) Predict the different shapes of, and bond angles in, NF3 and BF3 molecules. Bond angle Name of shape NF3 BF3 [2]
33. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(ii) · 2 marks · AO1
(ii) Explain why NF3 and BF3 molecules have different shapes and bond angles. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
34. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q25(a) · 2 marks · AO1
25 This question is about hydrocarbons. (a) The boiling points of 2 hydrocarbons are shown below. Hydrocarbon Boiling point / °C butane 0 pentane 36 Explain the difference in the boiling points of butane and pentane. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
35. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(iii) · 2 marks · AO3
(iii) Reaction 1.2 produces a mixture of titanium and sodium chloride. Suggest how titanium could be separated from this mixture at room temperature. Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
36. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(c)(i) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
(c) The table below shows melting points and electrical conductivities of some elements in Period 3 and compounds they form. Magnesium Phosphorus Substance Aluminium, Al Silicon, Si sulfide, MgS trichloride, PCl 3 Melting 2000 660 1414 –94 point / °C Electrical Good Poor conductivity Type of Giant ................... ................... ................... lattice structure ................... ................... ................... ................... (i) Complete the table above to show the type of lattice structure of each substance. [4]
37. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(c)(ii) · 4 marks · AO1, 2, 3
(ii) Explain the following: • MgS has a higher melting point than PCl 3. • Al has a greater electrical conductivity than Si. Melting points ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Conductivities ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4]
38. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(i) · 2 marks · AO2, 3
(b) A chemistry company is developing water-soluble polymers. The chemists decide to use compound E, shown below, as the monomer. H CH2 OH C C H H Compound E (i) Draw a section of the polymer formed, showing two repeat units, and suggest why this polymer is likely to be soluble in water. Section of polymer (two repeat units) Reason for solubility in water ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2]
39. June 2023 · Paper 2 · Q15 · 1 marks · AO1
15 Which ion(s) contain(s) bond angles of approximately 120º? 1 CH3COO– 2 C6H5O– 3 (CH3)3C+ A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
40. June 2023 · Paper 2 · Q16(a) · 4 marks · AO1
16 This question is about hydrocarbons. (a) The boiling points of some hydrocarbons containing 6 carbon atoms are shown below. Hydrocarbon Boiling point / ºC 2,2-dimethylbutane 50 2-methylpentane 60 hexane 69 State and explain the trend in boiling points shown by these hydrocarbons. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
41. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(a) · 1 marks · AO1
1 This question is about the first 36 elements in the periodic table: H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr From these 36 elements only, write the symbol for the element(s) that fit each description. (a) The three elements that, when in a molecule, can form hydrogen bonds with other suitable molecules. ........................................................... [1]
42. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(c) · 1 marks · AO1
(c) An element that is a solid at RTP with a simple molecular lattice structure. ................... [1]
43. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(f) · 1 marks · AO2
(f) The p-block element in Period 3 that forms a compound with fluorine with octahedral molecules. ................... [1]
44. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q6(a) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
6 This question is about nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. (a) Nitric acid has 2 single covalent bonds, 1 double covalent bond and 1 dative covalent bond as shown below. H O N O O Nitric acid Predict the H–O–N and O–N–O bond angles in nitric acid. Explain your reasoning. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
45. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q6(b)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) The solution contains nitrate ions, NO3 –. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the NO3 – ion. Use a different symbol for the extra electron. [2]
46. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q2 · 1 marks · AO1
2 What is the meaning of the term electronegativity? A The ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond. B The ability of an atom to gain an electron. C The electrostatic attraction between a negative ion and a positive ion. D The size of the charge on a negative ion. Your answer [1]
47. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q14 · 1 marks · AO1
14 The three reactions below each form one product only. Which reaction(s) form(s) a product with non-polar molecules? 1 2CO + O2 2 Si + 2Cl 2 3 S + 3F2 A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
48. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
23 This question is about different types of bonding. (a) Ionic compounds have ionic bonding and exist in a giant ionic lattice structure. (i) What is meant by ionic bonding? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
49. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a)(ii) · 2 marks · AO1
(ii) Magnesium reacts with sulfur to form a compound which has a giant ionic lattice structure. The diagram shows ions as circles in part of the lattice. Complete the diagram by showing the symbols of the ions, including charges. [2]
50. June 2022 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(c) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
(c) CO2 and H2O molecules have different shapes. State the bond angles in CO2 and H2O molecules and explain, in terms of electron pair repulsion, why the bond angles are different. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
51. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)(i) · 2 marks · AO1
1 These questions are from different areas of chemistry. (a) Ammonia, NH3, and ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, are compounds of nitrogen. (i) The boiling point of NH3 is –33 °C. The boiling point of NH4NO3 is 210 °C. Explain why there is a large difference in boiling points. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
52. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(d)(i) · 3 marks · AO1
(d) Glycine, H2NCH2COOH, is an α-amino acid. (i) Glycine reacts with NaOH to form the salt H2NCH2COONa. Glycine reacts with HCl to form the salt HOOCCH2NH3Cl. The salts have different H–N–H bond angles. State the different H–N–H bond angles and explain why they are different. H2NCH2COONa H–N–H bond angle = ...................° HOOCCH2NH3Cl H–N–H bond angle = ...................° explanation ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
53. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q6(b)(i) · 1 marks · AO2
(b) Vitamin C is extremely soluble in water. This means that vitamin C is removed rapidly from the body. ‘Vitamin C ester’ is available in tablet form as a less soluble source of vitamin C which stays in the body for longer. (i) Suggest why vitamin C is extremely soluble in water. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
54. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q1 · 1 marks · AO1
1 Which compound has the highest boiling point? A ethanol B heptane C sodium chloride D water Your answer [1]
55. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q1 · 1 marks ·
1 Which statement describes electronegativity? A A measure of the reactivity of an element. B The ability of an atom to attract an electron to become a 1– ion. C The attraction of a bonded atom for the electrons in a covalent bond. D The attraction of an atom for a lone pair of electrons. Your answer [1]
56. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q2 · 1 marks · AO2
2 Pauling electronegativity values for the halogens F to I and some elements in period 2 of the periodic table are shown below. B C N O F 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 Cl 3.16 Br 2.96 I 2.66 Which bond has the correct polarity? A B C D δ– N—I δ+ δ– C—F δ+ δ– B—Cl δ+ δ– Br—Cl δ+ Your answer [1]
57. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q13 · 1 marks ·
13 Which statement(s) explain(s) the trend in boiling points down the halogens group? 1: The induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) become stronger. 2: The covalent bonds become stronger. 3: The permanent dipole–dipole interactions become stronger. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
58. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q14 · 1 marks ·
14 Which statement(s) about a molecule of Cl–N=O is/are correct? 1: It is a polar molecule. 2: It contains 6 lone pairs of electrons. 3: It has a bond angle of 180°. A 1, 2 and 3 B Only 1 and 2 C Only 2 and 3 D Only 1 Your answer [1]
59. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q16 · 1 marks · AO1
16 Which compound contains the smallest bond angle? A bromoethane B ethanol C ethane D ethene Your answer [1]
60. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
1 This question is about compounds of sulfur. (a) Potassium sulfide, K2S, shows ionic bonding. (i) Explain what is meant by ionic bonding. ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
61. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in K2S. Show outer electrons only. [2]
62. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b) · 2 marks · AO2
(b) Sulfur difluoride, SF2, shows covalent bonding. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in SF2. Show outer electrons only. [2]
63. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c) · 3 marks · AO1
(c) At room temperature, K2S is a solid, but SF2 is a gas. Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain this difference. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
64. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(d)(i) · 2 marks · AO1
(d) Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, is used in medical ultrasound imaging because SF6 is unreactive. (i) State the shape of, and F—S—F bond angle in, an SF6 molecule. Shape ................................................................................. Bond angle ......................................................................... [2]
65. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(d)(ii) · 1 marks · AO2
(ii) Suggest why SF6 is unreactive. ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
66. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q8 · 1 marks ·
8 Which compound contains a bond angle of approximately 120º? A CH3CH2CN B CH3CH(OH)CH3 C CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 D CH3CH2CH2NH2 Your answer [1]
67. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q17(b)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) The boiling point of the lubricating oil can be increased by increasing the number of repeat units. Explain this statement. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
68. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q18(d)(ii) · 1 marks · AO3
(ii) Suggest why tablets based on a salt of ibuprofen should act faster in the body than ibuprofen. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
69. November 2021 · Paper 3 · Q1(c) · 3 marks · AO1, 2
(c) The electronegativities of H, C, N and F, and the boiling points of methane, ammonia and hydrogen fluoride are shown below. Electronegativity H: 2.1 C: 2.5 N: 3.0 F: 4.0 Compound CH4 NH3 HF Boiling point / ºC –161.5 –33.3 19.5 Explain the difference in the boiling points of CH4, NH3 and HF. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
70. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q1 · 1 marks · AO1
1 Which substance contains polar molecules? A C2H4 B CO2 C NCl 3 D SF6 Your answer [1]
71. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q3 · 1 marks · AO1
3 Which statement explains why ice is less dense than water? A Hydrogen bonds are stronger in ice than in water. B Hydrogen bonds hold H2O molecules apart in ice. C Ice is a solid but water is a liquid. D Ice contains hydrogen bonds, but water does not contain hydrogen bonds. Your answer [1]
72. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q16(b)(i) · 2 marks · AO1, 2
(b) (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for MgBr2. Show outer electron shells only. [2]
73. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q16(c) · 6 marks · AO1, 2
(c)* Table 16.1 shows some physical properties of magnesium, bromine and magnesium bromide. Electrical conductivity Substance Melting point / °C Solid Liquid Magnesium 711 Good Good Bromine −7 Poor Poor Magnesium bromide 650 Poor Good Table 16.1 Explain the physical properties shown in Table 16.1 using your knowledge of structure and bonding. [6] ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
74. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q22(b) · 2 marks · AO1
(b) A compound of bromine is a solid at room temperature. The electrical conductivity of the compound at different physical states is shown in the table. Physical state Electrical conductivity solid poor liquid good Name the type of lattice in the compound at room temperature and explain the different electrical conductivities. Name of lattice .......................................................................................................................... Explanation for different conductivities ..................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [2]
75. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(a) · 5 marks · AO1, 2, 3
3 This question is about some elements in Period 4 of the periodic table. (a) The table shows the melting point and electrical conductivity of two elements in Period 4. Element Melting Point / °C Electrical conductivity Calcium 842 Good Bromine –7 Poor Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain the properties in the table. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [5]
76. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(b)(i) · 2 marks · AO1, 2
(b) Calcium reacts with bromine to form calcium bromide, CaBr2. (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in CaBr2. Show outer electrons only. [2]
77. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(c)(ii) · 3 marks · AO1, 2
(ii) The boiling points of H2O and H2Se are shown below. Compound Boiling point / °C H2O 100 H2Se –41 Explain why H2O has a higher boiling point than H2Se. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
78. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(a) · 3 marks · AO1, 2
4 Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl , is used in the industrial manufacture of nylon. (a) The ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for nitrosyl chloride is shown below. N O Cl Predict the O=N–Cl bond angle and explain why NOCl has this bond angle. Bond angle ................................................................................................................................ Explanation ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
79. November 2020 · Paper 2 · Q18(a)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) HOOC(CH2)2COOH is soluble in water. Explain, using a labelled diagram, why HOOC(CH2)2COOH is soluble in water. [2]
80. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q1(b)(i) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
(b) This part is about amines. (i) The table shows the structures and boiling points of three amines, which are structural isomers of C3H9N. Amine CH3CH2CH2NH2 (CH3)2CHNH2 (CH3)3N Skeletal formula NH2 N NH2 Boiling point / °C 48–49 °C 33–34 °C 3–4 °C Explain the difference in the boiling points of the three amines. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [4]
81. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q6(a) · 2 marks · AO1
140 130 120 110 100 90 In Kp 80 70 60 50 40 0 1.0 × 10–3 2.0 × 10–3 3.0 × 10–3 4.0 × 10–3 1 T / K–1 6 This question is about two different types of acid found in organic compounds, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, as shown in Fig. 6.1. O O R C R S OH OH O Carboxylic acid Sulfonic acid Fig. 6.1 (a) Complete Table 6.1 to predict bond angles a and b and name the shapes which makes these bond angles in the functional groups of carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids. Type of acid Acid Bond angle Name of shape O Carboxylic acid R C a ...................... ............................................... OH O Sulfonic acid R S O b ...................... ............................................... O H Table 6.1 [2]
82. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q2 · 1 marks · AO1
2 Which molecule contains the largest bond angle? A C2H4 B H2O C NH3 D CH4 Your answer [1]
83. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(i) · 2 marks · AO1, 2
(d) Calcium reacts with nitrogen to form calcium nitride, Ca3N2, which is an ionic compound. (i) Construct a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for Ca3N2. Show outer electrons only and the charges on each ion. [2]
84. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(iii) · 2 marks · AO1
(iii) Calcium reacts with oxygen to form a compound which has a giant ionic lattice structure. The diagram shows ions as circles in part of the lattice. Complete the diagram by showing the symbols of the ions, including charges. [2]
85. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(iv) · 2 marks · AO2
(iv) Nitrogen forms an oxide with the formula N2O. A molecule of N2O is linear and has a nitrogen atom in the centre. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for an N2O molecule. Show outer electrons only. [2]
86. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a) · 3 marks · AO1
23 This question is about halogens and halides. (a) The boiling points of the halogens are shown in the table. Boiling point Halogen / K fluorine 85 chlorine 239 bromine 332 iodine 457 astatine 503 Explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
87. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q1(a) · 2 marks · AO1
1 These short questions are from different areas of chemistry. (a) Explain why a CF4 molecule has polar bonds but does not have an overall dipole. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
88. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q3(b) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
(b) SiO2 and CO2 are oxides of other Group 14 (Group 4) elements. Solid SiO2 melts at 2156 °C. Solid CO2 melts at −56 °C. Suggest the type of lattice structure in solid SiO2 and in solid CO2 and explain the difference in melting points in terms of the types of force within each lattice structure. Structure in SiO2(s) ................................................................................................................... Structure in CO2(s) ................................................................................................................... Explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
89. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q5(c)(i) · 1 marks · AO1
(c) Sodium thiosulfate contains the thiosulfate ion, S2O3 2−. The displayed formula of S2O3 2− can be shown as below. O –O S S– O thiosulfate ion (i) Predict the O–S–S bond angle and name of the shape of the thiosulfate ion. Bond angle ........................................................................................................................ Name of shape .................................................................................................................. [1]
90. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q5(c)(ii) · 1 marks · AO3
(ii) In some of its reactions, the thiosulfate ion forms the tetrathionate ion, S4O6 2−. The S4O6 2− ion is a ‘dimer’ of S2O3 2−. Draw a displayed formula for the S4O6 2− ion. [1]
91. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q10 · 1 marks ·
10 Which element has induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) in its solid lattice? A boron B magnesium C silicon D sulfur Your answer [1]
92. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q19(c) · 2 marks ·
(c) Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is a base used in washing soda. Na2CO3 contains the carbonate ion, CO3 2–, shown below. O– C O O– Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the carbonate ion. Show outer electrons only and use different symbols for electrons from C and O, and any ‘extra’ electrons. [2]
93. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q20(a) · 3 marks ·
20 This question is about the halogen group of elements and some of their compounds. (a) The halogens show trends in their properties down the group. The boiling points of three halogens are shown below. Halogen Boiling point / °C Chlorine –35 Bromine 59 Iodine 184 Explain why the halogens show this trend in boiling points. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
94. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(i) · 1 marks ·
(b) Phosgene, COCl 2, exists as simple molecules. The displayed formula of a phosgene molecule is shown below. Cl C O Cl (i) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a phosgene molecule. Show outer electrons only. [1]
95. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(ii) · 3 marks ·
(ii) Name the shape of a phosgene molecule and explain why it has this shape. Name of shape .................................................................................................................. Explanation ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
96. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(a) · 2 marks ·
2 Sodium sulfide, Na2S, is an ionic compound of sodium, Na, and sulfur, S. (a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in sodium sulfide. Show outer electrons only. [2]
97. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(b) · 3 marks ·
(b) The table below compares the properties of sodium sulfide, sodium and sulfur. Complete the table. Sodium sulfide Sodium Sulfur Melting point / °C 1180 98 113 Type of structure (giant or simple) solid Electrical conductivity (good or poor) liquid [3]
98. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(d)(ii) · 1 marks ·
(ii) Suggest whether the enthalpy change of vaporisation of bromine is exothermic or endothermic. Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
99. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q5 · 1 marks ·
5 Which molecule is not planar? A C2H4 B C2H6 C H2CO D HCN Your answer [1]
100. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q20(d) · 6 marks ·
(d)* Methylcinnamaldehyde reacts with iodine monochloride, ICl, by electrophilic addition. The reaction produces a mixture containing two different organic products. CHO methylcinnamaldehyde The electronegativity values of chlorine and iodine are given in the table below. Pauling electronegativity value Cl 3.0 I 2.5 Outline the mechanism, using the ‘curly arrow’ model, for the formation of one of the organic products and explain which of the two possible organic products is more likely to be formed. In your mechanism, you can show the phenyl group as C6H5. [6] ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Additional answer space if required. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................
101. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q22(b) · 4 marks ·
(b) Explain the difference in the boiling points of the fuels in Table 22.1. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]
102. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)(iv) · 1 marks ·
(iv) The element which forms a compound with fluorine that has octahedral molecules. .............................. [1]
103. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q1(b) · 5 marks ·
(b) Table 1.1 shows some properties of Period 3 chlorides. Group 1 2 14 (4) 15 (5) 16 (6) Chloride NaCl MgCl2 SiCl4 PCl3 SCl2 Solid poor poor poor poor poor Electrical conductivity Liquid good good poor poor poor Melting point high high low low low Table 1.1 Explain the properties shown in Table 1.1 in terms of bonding and structure. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [5]
104. June 2017 · AS Paper 1 · Q7 · 1 marks ·
7 Which compound has polar molecules? A OCl2 B BCl3 C CCl4 D SCl6 Your answer [1]
105. June 2017 · AS Paper 1 · Q9 · 1 marks ·
9 What is the best explanation for the trend in boiling points down the halogens group? A The covalent bonds become stronger. B The hydrogen bonds become stronger. C The permanent dipole–dipole interactions become stronger. D The induced dipole–dipole interactions (London forces) increase. Your answer [1]
106. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(a) · 1 marks ·
SECTION B Answer all the questions. 16 This question is about ions and compounds containing hydrogen. (a) Lithium aluminium hydride, LiAl H4, contains the Al H4 – ion. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in an Al H4 – ion. Show outer electrons only. [1]
107. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(b) · 2 marks ·
(b) Nitrogen forms NH4 + and NH2 – ions. Predict the name of the shape of, and H–N–H bond angle in, NH4 + and NH2 –. Ion Name of shape H–N–H bond angle NH4 + ....................................................................... ....................................................................... NH2 – ....................................................................... ....................................................................... [2]
108. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(c)(i) · 2 marks ·
(c) Nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic are in Group 15 (5) of the periodic table. The boiling points of their hydrides are shown below. Element Hydride Boiling point / °C N NH3 –33 P PH3 –88 As AsH3 –55 (i) Explain why the boiling point of PH3 is lower than the boiling point of NH3. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
109. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(c)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Explain why the boiling point of PH3 is lower than the boiling point of AsH3. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
110. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(i) · 1 marks ·
1 Barium combines with oxygen, chlorine and nitrogen to form ionic compounds. (a) Barium oxide, BaO, has a giant ionic lattice structure. (i) State what is meant by the term ionic bond. ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
111. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(ii) · 2 marks ·
(ii) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in barium oxide. Show outer electrons only. [2]
112. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(i) · 2 marks ·
(b) Barium chloride, BaCl2, is soluble in water. (i) Compare the electrical conductivities of solid and aqueous barium chloride. Explain your answer in terms of the particles involved. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
113. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(a) · 2 marks ·
4 The hydroxyl group, –OH, is responsible for many properties of alcohols. (a) Methanol, CH3OH, is soluble in water because it has polar bonds. Pauling electronegativity values for carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are shown below. Element Electronegativity Carbon 2.5 Oxygen 3.5 Hydrogen 2.1 Use a labelled diagram to explain why methanol is soluble in water. • Use displayed formulae showing one molecule of methanol and one molecule of water. • Add partial charges d+ and d– to show the two most polar bonds in a methanol molecule and the polar bonds in a water molecule. • Show all lone pairs. • Label the most important intermolecular bond between the molecules. [2]
114. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(i) · 2 marks ·
(b) The displayed formula for propanoic acid is shown below. H H O H C C C O H H H (i) State the shape and bond angle around a carbon atom in the alkyl group of propanoic acid. Explain the shape. Shape ................................................................................................................................ Bond angle ........................................................................................................................ Explanation ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2]
115. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(ii) · 1 marks ·
(ii) Suggest a value for the C–O–H bond angle in propanoic acid. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]
116. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q6 · 1 marks ·
6 Four atoms, 1–4, are labelled in the structure below. 4 NH2 1 CH 3 OH H3C 2 C O Which atom has a trigonal planar arrangement of bonds around it? A Atom 1 B Atom 2 C Atom 3 D Atom 4 Your answer [1]
117. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q16(a) · 2 marks ·
SECTION B Answer all the questions. 16 This question is about unsaturated hydrocarbons. (a) Compound A and compound B are isomers. compound A compound B Compound A has a lower melting point than compound B. Suggest why. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2]
118. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q19(b)(i) · 2 marks ·
(b) Many alcohols, including ethanol, are soluble in water. (i) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why ethanol is soluble in water. Include relevant dipoles and lone pairs. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2]
119. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q1(a) · 3 marks ·
1 Within the permafrost in Arctic regions of the Earth, large amounts of methane are trapped within ice as ‘methane hydrate’, CH4•xH2O. Methane makes up about 13.4% of the mass of ‘methane hydrate’. Scientists are concerned that global warming will melt the permafrost, releasing large quantities of methane into the atmosphere. (a) The H–O–H bond angle in ice is about 109° but about 105° in gaseous H2O. Explain why there is this difference. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3]
120. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q7 · 1 marks ·
4 7 A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, is shown below. X X Cl X N Cl X X Cl Which row shows the correct shape and bond angle in a molecule of NCl3? Name of shape Bond angle A Pyramidal 104.5° B Pyramidal 107° C Tetrahedral 107° D Trigonal planar 120° Your answer [1]
121. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q8 · 1 marks ·
8 What is the shape around the carbon atoms in graphene? A linear B pyramidal C tetrahedral D trigonal planar Your answer [1]
122. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q15 · 1 marks ·
15 Which compound has non-polar molecules? A E-1,2-dichlorobut-2-ene B E-2,3-dichlorobut-2-ene C Z-2,3-dichlorobut-2-ene D Z-1,4-dichlorobut-2-ene Your answer [1]
123. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(c)(ii) · 2 marks · AO2
(ii) Ni(NO3)2 contains the NO3 – ion. The nitrogen atom bonds to the oxygen atoms with a single covalent bond, a double covalent bond and a dative covalent bond, as shown below. O– N O O Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the NO3 – ion, showing outer shell electrons only. Use a different symbol for the extra electron. [2]
124. June 2016 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(a) · 3 marks · AO1, 2
4 2 The graph shows the melting points of the elements in Period 3 of the periodic table. 1800 Si 1600 1400 1200 melting point 1000 Mg / K Al 800 600 S 400 Na P Cl 200 Ar 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 atomic number (a) Phosphorus and chlorine have simple molecular structures. More information about phosphorus and chlorine is given in the table below. Molecular Element formula phosphorus P4 chlorine Cl2 Explain the differences in the melting points of phosphorus and chlorine. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [3]
125. June 2016 · AS Paper 2 · Q6(b) · 4 marks · AO1, 2
(b) The shape around the oxygen atom in butan-2-ol is non-linear. Predict the C–O–H bond angle and explain this shape. bond angle ...................................................... explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Mark schemes

1. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q7
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2. June 2025 · AS Paper 1 · Q8
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3. June 2025 · AS Paper 1 · Q10
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4. June 2025 · Paper 1 · Q16(d)
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5. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(a)(i)
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6. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(a)(ii)
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7. June 2025 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)
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8. June 2025 · Paper 3 · Q5(b)
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9. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q2
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10. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q5
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11. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q5
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12. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(i)
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13. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q18(b)(ii)
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14. June 2024 · Paper 1 · Q20(c)
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15. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(c)
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16. June 2024 · AS Paper 1 · Q24(c)
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17. June 2024 · Paper 2 · Q1
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18. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)
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19. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(i)
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20. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(ii)
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21. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(iii)
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22. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c)(i)
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23. June 2024 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c)(ii)
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24. June 2024 · Paper 2 · Q20(a)
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25. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q4(a)(ii)
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26. June 2024 · Paper 3 · Q4(c)(iv)
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27. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q1
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28. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q5
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29. June 2023 · Paper 1 · Q13
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30. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(a)(i)
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31. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(a)(ii)
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32. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(i)
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33. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(ii)
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34. June 2023 · AS Paper 1 · Q25(a)
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35. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(iii)
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36. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(c)(i)
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37. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(c)(ii)
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38. June 2023 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(i)
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39. June 2023 · Paper 2 · Q15
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40. June 2023 · Paper 2 · Q16(a)
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41. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)
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42. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(c)
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43. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q1(f)
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44. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)
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45. June 2023 · Paper 3 · Q6(b)(ii)
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46. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q2
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47. June 2022 · Paper 1 · Q14
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48. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a)(i)
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49. June 2022 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a)(ii)
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50. June 2022 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(c)
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51. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)(i)
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52. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q1(d)(i)
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53. June 2022 · Paper 3 · Q6(b)(i)
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54. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q1
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55. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q1
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56. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q2
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57. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q13
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58. November 2021 · Paper 1 · Q14
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59. November 2021 · AS Paper 1 · Q16
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60. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(i)
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61. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(ii)
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62. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)
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63. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(c)
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64. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(d)(i)
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65. November 2021 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(d)(ii)
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66. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q8
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67. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q17(b)(ii)
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68. November 2021 · Paper 2 · Q18(d)(ii)
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69. November 2021 · Paper 3 · Q1(c)
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70. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q1
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71. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q3
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72. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q16(b)(i)
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73. November 2020 · Paper 1 · Q16(c)
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74. November 2020 · AS Paper 1 · Q22(b)
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75. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(a)
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76. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(b)(i)
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77. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(c)(ii)
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78. November 2020 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(a)
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79. November 2020 · Paper 2 · Q18(a)(ii)
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80. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q1(b)(i)
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81. November 2020 · Paper 3 · Q6(a)
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82. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q2
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83. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(i)
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84. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(iii)
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85. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(d)(iv)
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86. June 2019 · AS Paper 1 · Q23(a)
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87. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)
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88. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q3(b)
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89. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q5(c)(i)
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90. June 2019 · Paper 3 · Q5(c)(ii)
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91. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q10
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92. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q19(c)
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93. June 2018 · Paper 1 · Q20(a)
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94. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(i)
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95. June 2018 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(b)(ii)
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96. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(a)
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97. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(b)
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98. June 2018 · AS Paper 2 · Q3(d)(ii)
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99. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q5
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100. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q20(d)
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101. June 2018 · Paper 2 · Q22(b)
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102. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)(iv)
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103. June 2018 · Paper 3 · Q1(b)
Mark scheme June 2018 Paper 3 Q1(b)
104. June 2017 · AS Paper 1 · Q7
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q7
105. June 2017 · AS Paper 1 · Q9
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q9
106. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(a)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q16(a)
107. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(b)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q16(b)
108. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(c)(i)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q16(c)(i)
109. June 2017 · Paper 1 · Q16(c)(ii)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 1 Q16(c)(ii)
110. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(i)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q1(a)(i)
111. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(a)(ii)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q1(a)(ii)
112. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q1(b)(i)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q1(b)(i)
113. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q4(a)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q4(a)
114. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(i)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q5(b)(i)
115. June 2017 · AS Paper 2 · Q5(b)(ii)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q5(b)(ii)
116. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q6
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q6
117. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q16(a)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q16(a)
118. June 2017 · Paper 2 · Q19(b)(i)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 2 Q19(b)(i)
119. June 2017 · Paper 3 · Q1(a)
Mark scheme June 2017 Paper 3 Q1(a)
120. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q7
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 1 Q7
121. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q8
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 1 Q8
122. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q15
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 1 Q15
123. June 2016 · AS Paper 1 · Q21(c)(ii)
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 1 Q21(c)(ii)
124. June 2016 · AS Paper 2 · Q2(a)
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 2 Q2(a)
125. June 2016 · AS Paper 2 · Q6(b)
Mark scheme June 2016 Paper 2 Q6(b)